Explore transitions, military family life, veteran entrepreneurship, education pathways, and access to responsible assistance.
Black Texans in war and military service
A guide led troops through San Antonio. A sailor defended his ship at Pearl Harbor. A medic crossed a rice paddy to reach wounded men. Battle reports and service records preserve what each did.
San Antonio · Texas Revolution
Hendrick Arnold
In December 1835, officers in one division refused to march on San Antonio while their guide was absent. Arnold returned and guided Ben Milam’s division in the Siege of Béxar. Commander Francis W. Johnson credited him by name in the battle report. The Handbook of Texas also records Arnold’s service as a spy.
In 1875 the three U.S. Army scouts turned back under fire at the Pecos River to rescue Lt. John Bullis during a fight with Comanche warriors. Each received the Medal of Honor. For Factor’s family, the Texas border had also been a route to safety: they had earlier sought refuge in Mexico from the threat of re-enslavement.
During the attack on Pearl Harbor, Miller helped move the wounded captain of USS West Virginia and fired an antiaircraft gun despite having received no training on it. The Waco sailor became the first Black American awarded the Navy Cross. He died aboard USS Liscome Bay in 1943.
On January 10, 1968, this Army medic crossed open ground to reach wounded soldiers. When wounds left him unable to use his legs, he dragged himself through the mud to keep treating his comrades. He received the Medal of Honor.